Hear My Cry Essay Example for Free

Hear My Cry EssayStacey feels responsible for his younger brothers and sister and feels the train to protect them Stacey glowered at T. J. a moment languisher, then walked swiftly to Little Man and put his long arm around his shoulders saying softly, Come on, Man. It aint gonna top no more, least not for a long while. I promise you that. Stacey is not only loyal to his family that also loyal to his friends. When he is face with the decision to either be truthful to his mother or face a punishment as a result of being loyal to T. J. he chooses loyalty and therefore suffers the consequences.The society the children live in forces them to mature much more rapidly than in our society. Stacey is very mature and he is well cognizant of the differences between right and wrong Despite any effort to persuade Stacey otherwise, when Mama came home he confessed that he had been fighting T. J. at the Wallace store and that Mr Morrison had halt it. He stood awkwardly before her, disclo sing only those things he could honourably mention. T. J. is Staceys best friend. He is very self-centred and is loyal to no one except himself. He seems to train no conscience and is very sly At outgrowth T. J.wouldnt do it, but then he seen Miz Logan startin toward em and he slipped Stacey the notes Jeremy is an exception to the rule. He is a white boy but he disobeys his p arents and continues to socialise with the black children. This even surprises the Logan children It was only then that I realized that Jeremy never rode the bus, no division how bad the weather. To help us visualise the setting of the novel Mildred D. Taylor uses occasional light, evocative description. She uses just enough for us to check the chassis she is trying to describe without using too much which could cause us to loose interest.These short paragraphs of description are very effective, as she does not tell us at once what the scene is like but through similes and metaphors Before us the narrow , sun-splotched road wound like a lazy red serpent dividing the high set bank of quiet, old trees on the left from the cotton field, forested by giant green and purple stalks, on the right. The Difference between the Great assent school for black students and the Jefferson Davis school for white students is acute. The Great Faith Elementary and Secondary School was a dismal end to an hours journey.Consisting of four weather beat out wooden houses on stilts of brick, 320 students, 7 teachers, a principal, a caretaker, and the caretakers cow, which kept the wide crab grass lawn sufficiently clipped in Spring and Summer. Jefferson Davis County School, a long white wooden building looming in the distance. Behind the building was a wide sports field around which were scattered rows of tiered gray-looking benches. The Jefferson Davis School for White Students gives an image of wealth and prosperity in comparison to the Great Faith school for Black students. The Logan Household is warm and inviting.The features shown in the house show that the Logan family were very full community. They seem to be a lot wealthier than other black mountain at this time The furniture, a mixture of Logan-crafted walnut and oak, included a walnut bed whose ornate headboard rose halfway up the wall to meet the high ceiling The theme of this novel is racism and discrimination towards the black people at this time. There are many occasions in the first four chapters alone which express this racism. The most white people feel they are superior to black people in every way.They feel that if a black soulfulness steps out of line by doing the slightest thing they have the right to punish or even murder them. They seem to have no hesitation about taking the life of a black person as they feel black people are there to be taken advantage of Something as simple as saying something offensive to a white man Mr Barnette says, you callin me a liar, boy? And Mr Tatum says, Yessuh, I guess I is Could end up with a black man being severely penalise by a gang of white night men Tarred and feathered him T. J. announced hastily. Poured the blackest tar they could find all over him,and plastered him with chicken feathers. The children cannot understand why the white and blacks are separated however they are forced to understand as a matter of life and death. They are robbed of their childhood innocence long before they should be due to the dangers they would face if they stepped out of line. The author is also trying to put across the message that because of the discrimination towards the black people they live in extreme poverty. The Logans are better off than most black families as they own land, however they need money so hard that the father is forced to work away from home on the railroads for money.The schools are given books for the first time however, they are not the long awaited books they were hoping for, but torn worthless books which were no use to them. In concluding, Mildred D. Taylor has successfully portrayed the hardships the black population of the southern states of America, had to endure in the early 1930s. In the first four introductory chapters, she set the scene using descriptive tactics. She introduced us to most of the main characters and told us a bit about their physical visual aspect and their personality.And she most importantly explained to us the difficulties the Logan family and generally, all black families faced, due to their race and how unfair society was towards them. We learn how white people took the law onto themselves, carrying out spiteful murders at the drop of the hat. Even in the first four chapters, Mildred D. Taylor has evoked sympathy for the black people. By Emma-Jane Reilly 11E Mr Devlin Show poke only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mildred Taylor section.

Debut Albums and Dear Friends Essay Example for Free

Debut Albums and Dear Friends EssayHonorable Chief Guest of the day, gilded guests for the occasion, teachers, parents and all told my dear friends, this day 15th August of every year is a golden day engraved in the history of the world. We got freedom on this date and it is a day worth a celebration. When we celebrate it hoisting the flag, playing our National Anthem with enthusiasm, distributing sweets, we need to sail back into the past to remember and wear homage to the builders of our nation. My dear friends, we were the privileged lot to have been born in free India. We were able to breathe the fresh free air since our birth. If at all we want to know the pangs of agony of being slaves under a foreign rule, we must ask our elders born before 1947. It was indeed a Himalayan labour for every Indian those days to fight against those powerful giants the British rulers.We must not allow those hard times and struggles fade away from our memories. Hence it is meet for us to celebrate such National festivals and recall those heroic deeds of our National heroes. We remember them today. Right from Mahatma Gandhi to the local patriotic leaders we owe our gratitude. When we estimate those martyrs who laid their precious lives for our sake, we must not ignore the common people who sacrificed their lot for the good cause. There were farmers, land lords, businessmen, teachers, writers, poets and students who helped the land achieve the long cherished freedom.

Suicide Bombing Essay Example for Free

Suicide Bombing EssaySuicide terrorism is not mainly the product of Muslim fundamentalism or any former(a) evil ideology independent of circumstance. The world leader in ego-destruction terrorism is the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka theyre a Marxist group, a secular group, a Hindu group. The Tamil Tigers demand committed more self-destruction terrorist attacks than Hamas or Islamic Jihad. Instead, what more than 95 percent of all felo-de-se terrorist attacks since 1980 have in common atomic number 18 not religion, but a specific secular goal to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from the territory the terrorists view as their homeland. From Lebanon to Chechnya to Kashmir to Sri Lanka to the West Bank, every suicide terrorist campaign since 1980 has had as its main objective to compel a democratic state to withdraw combat forces from territory that the terrorists prize. for the most part are organizational motivated and fanaticism and religiously motivation a re two different angles of same picture. Religious rhetoric may help bow attackers that their cause is each necessary or noble, and that glorifies or renames suicide as martyrdom, but it does not explain why suicide attackers choose that particular tactic.These flowerpot be explained by considering roughly other factors want individual, organizational, environmental and trauma-based motivations. Suicide Bombing is an act of emphasis that kills the attacker himself in addition to bystanders, but that in addition re births a tactic of terrorist organizations. The bomber perceives in his mind that by dehumanizing others he will be getting extra rewards like the extremists and fanatics of religious segments think by giving their life they would be free to enter the heaven.Some other reasons which mentally influence the mind of a terrorists are mortalal motivation, organizational, environmental, trauma- based motivations. Organizations return the means, methods and group self-m otivated fundamental suicide terrorism operations and often the ideology as well. They arise from a complex mix of social and political circumstances, psychological and religious context and interplay between the actions, sentiments and rhetoric of terror groups, their constituency and the perceived oppressor/enemy.When looking at the motivations on the organizational level we must acknowledge that terror-sponsoring organizations are mostly political in their motivations and resort to terrorism when other political solutions have failed and to suicide terrorism when a specific redact of circumstances exist. When one considers the suicide terror groups uses of religion to motivate individuals to sign up to die, it makes strategic sense.Any believer of any faith who is persuaded of the will act in extraordinary ways. Its invoice depicts that in south India, in the late 11th century, the local Kulasekhara kingdom had special suicidal squads to fight against their mighty neighbors, t he Cholas. These Nair warriors were specially trained in so called Kalaris. These Nair race later transformed as the rulers of the region, and in war festivlas like Mamankam, they were still in use aganist the Zamorin rulers of Calicut.In the late 17th century, Qing official Yu Yonghe put down that injured Dutch soldiers fighting against Koxingas forces for control of Taiwan in 1661 would use gunpowder to blow up both themselves and their opponents rather than be taken prisoner. However, the Chinese observer may have confused such suicidal tactics with the standard Dutch military practice of undermining and blowing up positions recently overrun by the enemy which almost cost Koxinga his life during the siege. During the Belgian Revolution, Dutch Lieutenant Jan van Speijk detonated his own ship in the harbour of Antwerp to prevent its capture by the Belgians.Another example was the Prussian soldier Karl K tie ine on 18 April 1864 at the Battle of Dybbol, who died blowing a hole in a Danish fortification. In the eighteenth century John Paul Jones wrote about Ottoman sailors setting their own ships on fire and ramming the ships of their enemies, although they knew this meant certain death for them. Modern suicide bombing as a political tool tooshie be traced back to the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1881. Alexander fell victim to a Nihilist plot.While driving on one of the central streets ofSaint Petersburg, near the Winter Palace, he was mortally wounded by the explosion of hand-made grenades and died a hardly a(prenominal) hours afterwards. The Tsar was killed by a member of Narodnaya Volya,Ignacy Hryniewiecki, who died while intentionally exploding the bomb during the attack. Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff intended to assassinate Adolf Hitler by suicide bomb in 1943, but was uneffective to complete the attack. During the Battle for Berlin the Luftwaffe flew Selbstopfereinsatz against Soviet bridges over the Oderriver.These missio ns were flown by pilots of the Leonidas Squadron under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Heiner Lange. From 17 April until 20 April 1945, using any aircraft that were available, the Luftwaffe claimed that the squadron destroyed 17 bridges however the military historian Antony Beevor when writing about the incident thinks that this was exaggerated and that only the railway bridge at Kustrin was definitely destroyed. He comments that thirty-five pilots and aircraft was a high price to pay for such a limited and temporary success.The missions were called off when the Soviet ground forces reached the vicinity of the squadrons airbase at Juterbog. Following orbit War II, Viet Minh death volunteers fought against the French Colonial Forces by using a long stick-like explosive to destroy French tanks. It has suddenly taken off like a wildfire spreading from Lebanon to Palestine, Sri Lanka, Chechnya, Morocco, Indonesia, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Iraq and now sadly even originating in Europ e and European bred bombers now even targeting Europe itself.The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) carries out its commencement suicide bombing at the Nelliady army camp killing 40 security force (SF) personnel. May 21st 1911 Former Indian Prime minister Rajiv Gandhi and 18 persons are killed by a effeminate suicide bomber in the town of Sriperumbudur, approximately 30 miles from Chennai, capital of the southern State of Tamil Nadu. This was the history of suicide bombing which stages that none of them were moved cause of Islam.The terrorist assumes he is in a extraterrestrial battle, involving apocalyptic forces which will wipe out either his side or the other, hence challenging a war of defense He should dehumanize and his enemies by seeing them as the enemies of matinee idol In joining the group and taking on its values and teachings, he has learned the mind of God is authorized to act in the battle by the will of God The battle in which he is fighting is for sacred v alues and he must go to extraordinary means to eradicate and spot out those he sees as evildoers even innocent civilians who he believes are standing in the way of and offending Gods will.It may be noteworthy that suicide bombers mostly are rather young males between the ages of 18 and 27. This fact is momentous for a number of reasons. First, it is the age when testosterone soars. Studies significantly linked testosterone production to potential orientation in males. When the desire to dominate is satisfied, high testosterone is not related to a rise in aggressiveness, however when such desire is frustrated it results in increased probability of aggressive response against oneself or others. The head start motivational set is a trauma based and occurs within zones of active conflict.It is often jingoistic viewed in terms of self and community defense expressive regarding meting out justice to the perceived enemy occupier and includes acts of revenge. The individuals motivated wi thin this set have witnessed firsthand and over the television their neighbors, family members and loved ones killed by what they view as an occupying force. Many have grown up witnessing countless acts of violence and as a result have not developed normally and often suffer from posttraumatic stress and dissociative disorders.Many have lost jobs, educational opportunities, been humiliated, and often cope for basic daily needs and security. While the majority of traumatized individuals in conflict zones will not become suicide bombers even if invited to do so, an natively dispirited group will become vulnerable to terrorist ideologies that promote this tactic. Whereas suicide terrorism is planned and executed by individuals who are members of organizations, groups, or cells, these two levels are in turn influenced by broader environmental conditions that include the political, social, historical, cultural, economic, and religious context.Clearly, some of these sub-elements of the broader environment are more relevant in some cases than in others. Robert Pape, a political science professor at the University of Chicago and a renowned expert on suicide terrorism, argues in his new book Dying To Win that although Islamic fundamentalism seems to be the obvious central cause for suicide terrorism, at least half of the suicide terrorist attacks during the period 1980-2003 were not associated with Muslim fundamentalists.The belief for the strong link between Islamic fundamentalism and suicide terrorism, Pape says, has fueled the belief that to avoid future attacks like those of 11 September 2001, there is an urgent need for a al-Qaida transformation of Muslim societies. However, this presumed connection between suicide terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism is misleading and maybe encouraging domestic and foreign policies that are likely to infuriate Americas situation. Between 1980 and the end of 2003 there were 315 suicide terrorist acts. The overall leader is th e Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, a secular group fighting to establish an independent state. fit to some accounts, the Tamil Tigers have carried out at least five times more suicide attacks than other similar organizations put together. Tamil Tigers are said to be behind a very notorious suicide terrorist attack , the assassination of former Indian Prime Minster Rajiv Gandhi by a female bomber during an election rally in 1991. Cultural or religious worldviews enable flock to feel that they are part of something larger, more meaningful, and, ultimately, longer endure than themselves. Suicide bombing offers not only an identity, but also a place in community history life is exchanged for identity.Self-sacrificial behavior is present in many cultures, and is not exclusively linked with Islam. It is an assertion that you will survive as an identity even if you cannot survive in physical form. Individuals can attain symbolic immortality deciding to die for their country. But if offered ot her ways of achieving symbolic life, they may be encouraged to leave a legacy in a pro-social way, rather than through violence. Pro-social methods of extending identity beyond death include raising children, starting a company and the preservation of calmful cultural or religious practices.Apart from one demographic attribute that the majority of suicide bombers tend to be young males the evidence has failed to find a stable set of demographic, psychological, socioeconomic and religious variables that can be causally linked to suicide bombers personality or socioeconomic origins. With the exception of a few cases, their life stories show no apparent connection between violent militant activity and personality disorders. Typically, most suicide bombers are psychologically normal and are deep integrated into social networks and emotionally attached to their national communities.Randomly attached labels such as mad denote ones inability to riddle the deeper reasons but dont advan ce our understanding of the causes of the phenomenon of suicide bombing. Rather, they impede us from discovering its real nature, purpose and causes. The meaning and nature of suicide in a suicide bombing are strikingly different from ordinary suicide. Suicide bombing falls into the category of altruistic suicidal actions that involve valuing ones life as less worthy than that of the groups honor, religion, or some other collective interest. Religiously and nationalistically coded attitudes owards acceptance of death, stemming from long periods of collective suffering, abasement and powerlessness enable political organizations to offer suicide bombings as an outlet for their peoples feelings of desperation, deprivation, hostility and injustice.Suicide is a major sin in Islam The Quran does tell Muslims, Do not kill yourselves and warns that those who disobey will be cast into the fire. The Prophet Mohammed is reported to have said that a suicide cannot go to paradise. If people do good to you, do good to them and if they clapperclaw you, still refrain from being unjust. Another story tells of Mohammed ordering his soldiers not to mistreat women and children, even during a battle. Both the Quran and hadiths offer examples of respect given to Christians and Jews both considered along with Muslims as people of the Book. But bin Laden and some other terrorists say the less militant parts of Muslim teachings simply dont apply to their war with the West. This belief can be traced to a few known figures of relatively recent Muslim history. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab was a contemporary of George Washington.His supporters say he was a religious reformer who cleaned up a change version of Islam undecomposed in his part of Arabia. Opponents call him a political opportunist who used religion as a weapon. In either case, he declared that Islam had been corrupted a generation or so after the death of Mohammed, and he condemned any theology, customs or practices deve loped after that. Islamic laws oppose the practice. This religious prohibition has had the intended effect. According to Franz Rosenthal a scholar of the subject suicide was of comparatively rare occurrence in traditional Muslim society.The most extreme ways that people can invest in their world view is to sacrifice their own life for it. Physical risks help to secure their own immortality this is self sacrifice as self-defense. Harming innocent bystanders, even in times of war, was forbidden by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This includes women, children, noncombatant bystanders, and even trees and crops. Nothing is to be harmed unless the person or thing is actively engaged in an assault against Muslims. The predominant theme in the Quran is forgiveness and peace. Allah (God) is Merciful and Forgiving, and seeks that in His followers.Indeed, most people who spend time on a personal level with ordinary Muslims have found them to be peaceful, honest, hard-working, civic-m inded people. In the fight against terrorism of all forms, it is measurable to understand who or what is our enemy. We can only fight against this horror if we understand its causes and motivations. The entire Quran, taken as a complete text, gives a message of hope, faith, and peace to a faith community of one billion people. The overwhelming message is that peace is to be found through faith in God, and justice among helpmate human beings.At the time the Quran was revealed, there was no United Nations or Amnesty International to keep the peace or expose injustice. Inter-tribal violence and vengeance was commonplace. As a matter of survival, one must have been willing to defend against aggression from all sides. Nevertheless, the Quran repeatedly urges forgiveness and restraint, and warns believers not to transgress or become oppressors. If anyone slays a person- unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land it would be as if he slew all people.And if anyone sav es a life, it would be as if he saved the life of all people. Quran 532Invite all to the way of your Lord with wisdom and attractive preaching. And argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious And if you punish,let your punishment be proportional to the wrong that has been done to you. But if you show perseverance, that is and then the best course. Be patient, for your patience is from God. And do not grieve over them, or distress yourself because of their plots. For God is with those who restrain themselves, and those who do good.Quran 16125-128 The even up for an injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree) but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from God, for God loves not those who do wrong. But indeed, if any do help and defend themselves after a wrong done to them, against such there is no cause of blame. The blame is only against those who oppress men with mistake and insolently transgress beyond bounds through the land, defying r ight and justice. For such there will be a penalty grievous (in the Hereafter).But indeed, if any show patience and forgive, that would truly be an affair of great resolution. Quran 4240-43. Goodness and evil are not equal. Repel evil with what is better. past that person, with whom there was hatred, may become your intimate friend And no one will be granted such goodness except those who exercise patience and self-restraint, none but people of the greatest good fortune. Quran 4134-35 The key motivator for a violent actor who seeks to die like a martyr is a strong attachment to a community, usually a religious community.There are dozens of reasons for killing, but violent martyrdom is first and foremost about belonging. Strong emotional ties and strong feelings of mutual obligation often hold religious societies together. They act out of personal despair, rage, hatred, belief in paradise or having been brainwashed. We also assume that their actions are completely irrational and des tructive. What we need to look at, in order to correct these misconceptions, is the martyrs discourse and the rituals that surround religiously sanctioned suicide terror.Referenceshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attackhttp//www.rferl.org/content/article/1066254.htmlhttp//www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1934101,00.html

Beam Adaptive Algorithms For Smart Antennas Computer Science Essay

Beam Adaptive algorithmic programs For lustrous Antennas Computer Science EssaySmart overtures employed in space division multiple access establishments merchantman cater the graduate(prenominal) demand in terms of capacity in erratic coats without further increase in radio frequency spectrum allocation. Furthermore, offend come ons grant better spirit of service (QoS) and better coverage. in that respectfore, glisten accommodative algorithmic rules utilize in clever antenna systems argon of great posts.1.2 Project AimsThe project localise is to study and understand the adaptive algorithms for dig make watering for Smart Antenna Systems and to develop research skills, by reading research papers and journal papers associate to the topic. Moreover, to get under ones skin the technical draft that contains the analysis, results and discussion of several adaptive algorithms employed in Smart Antenna Systems. The research work conducted and a simulation leave stom ach the better understanding of the subject and place be a possible contribution to the brisk work.1.3 Project ObjectivesThe project objective is to attempt systematic relation of the performance of dissimilar Adaptive Algorithms for beamforming for Smart Antenna System. The algorithms that will be under investigation in this project will be training period algorithms equivalent Recursive Least Squ bes (RLS) and Least Mean Squ ars (LMS), and Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA). Simulations will be through with(p) to find out which algorithms be scoop out for beamforming i.e. to form main lobes towards desired exploiter and for intersection rate. The comparison of algorithms will be made on the basis of formation of main lobe and the convergence rate. The effect of jammers in algorithms will besides be studied.1.4 Project OutcomesThe outcome of the project is come up with simulation softwargon that will calculate the parameters of Smart Antenna and reassure us which algorit hm performs better in a finicky situation. Moreover to prepare a research report that contains critical analysis different beam adaptive algorithms.1.5 Structure of the reportThe first chapter of the final report is the Introduction which describes the motivation for research, project aims and objectives. The second chapter is the Literature review. The overview of recent work conducted in this knowledge point of view and the brief summary of several research papers studied for conducting this research has been presented. Reading list is appended in the references section. Third chapter is the introduction to antennas and spite antennas. The fundamentals parameters of antennas and refreshing antennas are briefly described. Fourth chapter is on smart antenna system. Types of smart antennas and their comparison are done in detail. In fifth chapter description about(predicate) the foreshadow affect algorithms is presented. Lastly granted are the results and conclusion.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewSmart antenna is the most efficient unfolding innovation for uttermost capacity and alter quality and coverage 1. They target adapt to varying traffic requirements dynamically. Smart antennas radiate narrow beam to serve different users and are popularly employed at modest mail services. The complex weight computations that are based on different criteria are integrated in the distinguish central processor in the form of software algorithms 3. Due to the rapid growing demand in mobile applications not only for capacity but for graduate(prenominal) quality of service (QoS) and better coverage without increasing the radio frequency spectrum allocation the wireless systems that uses fit(p) antenna systems will no longer be in use 3 discuss the need for smart antennas in space division multiple access systems. The article guidanceed on adaptive beam forming approach based on smart antennas the adaptive algorithms that are employed to compute the complex weight are discussed and LMS and RLS in particular. The fact that error computed from the filter at time n is used to provide the filter coefficient at time n+1 provides a nontraditional centering to understand adaptive algorithms. 2 describe the approach of seeing classical adaptive algorithm like LMS, RLS, CMA, Decision directed) as recursive structures. 4 Explain the normalized to the lowest degree mean square (NLMS) algorithm for smart antenna system. The algorithm was implemented on the StarCore SC3400 DSP core and the performance was evaluated on MSC8144 DSP and the antenna coverage blueprint was obtained and analyzed to find towards the desired mansion source. With adaptive beamforming algorithm to name LMS for smart antenna the downlink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multi-carrier code division multiple access system is proposed 5. 1 Describes the sequential Studies of beamforming algorithms for smart antenna systems.2.1 Scope of Smart AntennasSmart antennas assu red to award the signifi scum bagt increment in the capacity of system and its performance in the wireless communication system 11. Which will eventually lead into increase profits for the telecommunications companies and also a decline in blocked and dropped calls.Its been about 45 years Antenna was first used in applications related to radar communication in the form of fixed get down. In later years mevery researches on antenna helped into smart antennas and tiled the way for their uses in commercial wireless systems 12. These are the main reasons smart antennas got so much interest over the few years. At present the application of smart antennas are predominant at the mobile base stations due to compact area and affect power requirements 13. Currently, a lot of research is going on the mobile terminal based smart antennas. In the coming future we can expect smart antenna skills to be present at the base station and mobile terminal too.Chapter 3 Introduction to Antennas and Sma rt Antenna3.1 AntennaAccording to IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antenna, it is defined as a meaning for radiating or receiving radio waves.3.2 Fundamental parameters of AntennaThe fundamental parameters of Antenna areRadiation patternRadiation intensityDirective gain and delegacyalityPower gain and Radiation cap mightFront to Back ratioAntenna beam comprehensivenessAntenna beam efficiency3.2.1Radiation PatternRadiation pattern carry the angular variation of field authorization. They are drawn at some distance r proportional to field intensity in the guardianship and .Normalized celestial orbit PatternIt is obtained by dividing the field lot by its maximum value. It is dimensionless.E(,) = E(,) / E(,) maxPower Radiation PatternPower concentration Pd is defined as power flow per unit area and is progressn byPd(,) =1/2*E (,) 2/0Pattern whitethorn also be uttered in terms of power per unit solid shift .The normalized power pattern can also be expressed in terms of this parameter as the ratio of shaft intensity U(,) as function of angle to its max value.Pn(,) = Pd(,) / Pd max(,)The co-ordinates are and dB are used to draw the pattern and calculate by following relationdB= 10log10Pn(,)3.2.2 Radiation IntensityThe power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the shaft of light intensity U.3.2.3 Directive Gain and DirectivityFor omni attentional antenna the power density at all the points on the surface of a field of battle will be said(prenominal).Pavg = Prad/4r2The directive gain is defined as the ratio of the power density Pd(,) to the average power radiated. For isotropic antenna, the value of directive gain is unity. The directive gain can be defined as a measure of the concentration of the radiated power in a particular direction (,) . The ratio of the maximum power density to the average power radiated is called maximum directive gain or directivity of the antenna.GDmax = Pdmax/Pavg3.2.4 Power Gain and Radiation effi ciencyThe relation amidst input power and power radiated is given asPrad=r Pinr=Prad/ PinPin=Prad +Plossr=Prad/(Prad +Ploss)The power radiated and the ohmic power loss can be expressed in terms of r.m.s. current asr=Rrad/(Rrad +Rloss)The ratio of the power radiated in a particular direction (,) to the actual power input to the antenna is called power gain of antenna.3.2.5 Front to Back ratio (FBR)It is the ratio of the power radiated in the desired direction to the power radiated in the opposite direction.FBR = Power radiated in desired direction/Power radiated in opposite directionFBR depends on frequency of operation, spacing between antenna ingredients (inversely proportional) and electrical length of the parasitic elements of the antenna. FBR is an important consideration especially in receiving antennas3.2.6 Antenna BeamwidthAntenna beamwidth is the measure of the directivity of the antenna. The antenna beamwidth is an angular width in degrees. It is measured on a beam patte rn on a major lobe.3.2.7 Beam efficiencyTotal beam area A consists of the main beam area M plus the minor lobe area m.A= M+ mSo Beam Efficiency is,M= M/ AStray FactorThe ratio of minor lobe m area to the total beam area A is called stray factor.Em= m/ AEM + Em= 13.3 Smart AntennaThe smart antenna is defined as an antenna grade system that is supported by processing system that deals with the received and transmitted taper by the array utilize proper array algorithms to advance wireless system performance. 4Numbers of distributive antenna elements are combined to make arrays of antennas called smart antenna. The different auspicates collected by individual antenna are calculated in such a elan that increases the argue strength of desired sign and reduces to-do from other signals. 12A smart antenna can be observed as a faction of antennas, whose transmitted or received signals are processed using smart algorithms. These smart algorithms make antenna work efficiently, and rel iable in communication 13. of import purpose of smart antenna is that the signal comes from the source hit the target in that way if the target is moving the antenna is such a smart and intelligent that it would change its direction according to the target movement and the main lobe of the antenna must be toward the target so that the maximum strength of the signal strikes the target. Mostly Smart antennas are being used in wireless communication systems to provide interference reduction and enhance user capacity and the info rates 6.3.4 Uses of Smart AntennaSmart antennas are considered useful in the wireless communication systems. The area coverage and the capacity of a system are increased by Smart antennas. Maximum data rate is increased by using smart antennas in multipath and diminish fading due to the terminating the component of multipath. One of its most useful applications is direction finding with the applications including emergency services and traffic monitoring 11.I n areas with less population, extended coverage is predominant in those areas than increased capacity. I such areas the gain provided by the antennas can extend the range covered by a carrell and hence more users can communicate with less system capacity than any other typical antenna.It is used for the interference reduction and rejection as well. Finding the location of user will be a useful application of smart antenna, geo-locations of user and to make downlink beam forming easy 14.Smart antennas are currently used in Radars, receiving cut back astronomy and mostly used in cellular systems to keep the system speed equal with the number of increasing subscribers. It is also used in self-denial for safe communication purpose.3.5CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART ANTENNAThere are four main characteristics of smart antenna,DOA (direction of reaching) evaluationBeam forming,antenna diversitybeam-width3.5.1 DIRECTION OF stretchability / ANGLE OF ARRIVALA measure of the direction of the p ropagation of electro magnetic radiation upon arrival at a receiver it is the angle between the proposal of the word form front and some plan of reference, usually the horizontal, at the receiver antenna. 9Direction of arrival indicates the direction from which usually a signal arrives at a point 3. We can guess the direction of arrival of the signal by using different techniques like multiple signal classification. In this technique an algorithm is used to for frequency estimation and the location of emitter, intercellular substance pencil order or their derivatives. 9UsageGeodesic location or Geo-location of the cell phones is the main application of direction of arrival nowadays 9.Multiple base stations calculate the angle of arrival of the cell phone signal and this information is combined to locate the cell phone anywhere on the earth.It is generally used to locate the pirate or military radio transmission point. In submarines acoustics, angle of arrival is the method to loc alize objects with active and passive ranging 9.3.5.2 BEAM-FORMINGBeam forming is a technique of digital signal processing and its is used for directional signal transmission or receipt form the preferred signal direction as correspondd to some undesired direction 3. It mean that the techniques which we used have the capability to make the radiation pattern of the antenna by constructive and destructive interference for reception and transmission and to accept moving beams in the direction of preferred signal and put nulls in the direction of interfering signals. This mean due to this co-channel and interference reduce and antenna gain is increased in the direction of desired signal 13.Figure 3.1These rebounds from different surfaces can set up time delays, attenuations, phase shifts, and distortions that can interfere with each other at the receiver end of the antenna. It can be set by the digital signal processing techniques used in smart antenna system 15.3.5.3 ANTENNA DIVERSIT YAntenna diversity uses more hence two antennas to develop the quality and dependability of a wireless link 3. Specially in the areas where LOS is not clear between transmitter and receiver. Before reaching at the receiver end signal is reflected along several paths. This result in introducing phase shift, time delays, attenuation, and distortion which results in the interference between signal arriving before and after the particular signal 9.As two or more antennas receive several observations of the same signal they will calculate the most build up signal give the output.3.5.4 BEAM-WIDTHIt way the half-power beam-width 7. The maximum radiation strength is found, and then the points on both side of the maximum, represent half power of the maximum strength are located. The distance between the half power points is known as the beam-width 16.Half of the power expressed in decibels is -3dB, so half power beam-width is often referred to as the 3dB beam-width. We considered both hor izontal and vertical beam-widths. 63.6 TYPES OF SMART ANTENNASThere are two major types of smart antenna switched beam smart antenna and adaptive array smart antenna.3.6.1 SWITCHED BEAM SMART ANTENNAThere are different permanent beam patterns presented in switched beam system. A decision is made as to which beam to be taken, at any given point in time, depend upon the necessities of the system 3.3.6.2 ADAPTIVE ARRAY SMART ANTENNAIt allows the antenna to focus the beam to any direction of direction of desired signal continuously ignoring interfering signals. Beam direction can be estimated using the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation methods 3.3.7 ADVANTAGESFor the most part smart antennas are employed at the base station in the mobile network to improve system capacity. subject matter means the number of the users that can be handled in a system. Using of Omni-directional antennas originate co-channel interference when two users use the same band of frequency that in the long run limits the user capacity in the system 8. In case of smart antennas beams are focused towards the desired user minimize interference to other users using the same frequency band.0 Figure 3.2It helps against multipath fading noise which improves dependability of received signal. Reduced power consumption for cell phones, low probability of interception and maculation improve location estimation and improved range of reception 1.3.8 DISADVANTAGEMost major disadvantages of smart antenna is in their design and completion in hardware. Multi RF chains can boost the price and make the transceiver bulkier 4.Most of the devices in the making of a typical antenna used non-linear devices and using smart antenna also increases the components used. If not checked properly, this affects the performance of the antenna 15.As the data bandwidth required for the digital signal processing increases with the number of antenna elements used. This can limit the data rate for different applicationsC hapter 4 SMART ANTENNA form4.1 INTRODUCTIONSmart Antenna System is combination of multiple antennas which enrapture or Receive Signals using an Adaptation Algorithm 4. A smart antenna system is combination of many antennas elements with a signal receiving and transmitting ability to optimize its radiation and reception pattern robotically in reaction to the signal environment 10.4.2 TYPES OF SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMSThere are mainly two shipway to implement antennas that dynamically change their antenna radiation pattern to minimize interference or multipath affects by increasing coverage area and range. Switched beam There are finite numbers of fixed patterns which are defined by the system (sectors) Adaptive arrays There are an infinite number of patterns (scenario-based) which are alter in real timeThe Switched beam approach is easy and simple then the adaptive approach. It increases the network capacity as compared to the usual Omni-directional antenna systems. In this technique , an antenna array produces over lapping beams that cover the neighboring area as in the kind 17. When a signal is coming and detected, the base station determine the beam that is best associated in the signal-of-interest direction and then switch that beam toward the user for communication 6.0 Figure 4.1 17The Adaptive array system is efficient then the switched array technique 2. A mobile user is tracked by this system constantly by routing the main beam towards the goal and at the same time sending no signal in the direction of interfering signals like switched beam.0 Figure 4.2 174.2.1 SWITCHED BEAM SYSTEMSSwitched beam antenna systems make many fixed beams with finely tuned sensitivity in particular directions 17. These antenna systems detect strength of signal, choose one from numerous already determined, fixed beams, and switch his beam from one beam to another as the user moves during the sector 11. The output of many antennas combine through Switched beam systems in such a way that it form finely directional beams with more selectivity than can be achieve with usual, single-element antenna technique.4.2.1.1 WORKINGIn this type of adaptive approach in reality did not steer or scan the beam in the direction of the desired signal 17. Switched beam use an antenna array which radiates a number of overlapping permanent beams covering a elected angular area. The directional beam leads to increase the factor of a frequency use in channel by decreasing possible interference and it also increases the range 14. These antennas system not have a uniform gain in all directions but when they are compared to simple antenna system they have more gain or increased gain in the desired directions. The Switched beam antenna has a fracture method that enables the system to select and then switch the desired beam which gives the best response for a mobile user. The alternative is generally based on maximum received power for user 9.0 Figure 4.3 3A usual switched beam s ystem for a base station consists of many antennas with each array covering a certain sector in cell. Take an example of switched beam-forming system below 7. It consists of a phase shifting network, which forms many beams look in certain directions. The RF switch targets the correct beam in the direction of interest. The measurement for selecting of the correct beam is done by the control logic unit. The control logic unit is controlled by an algorithm which scans all the beams and then selects that beam which is strongest signal based on a measurement calculated by the algorithm.0 Figure 4.4 17This technique is not good when interference is high this technique is simple in operation. Let us consider an example where User 1 is at the side-edge of the beam receiving low power which is entertained by this beam 6. If there is a second user were at the direction of the null then there will be no interference but if the second user also moves into the direction where user 1 is located t hen there will be interference occur therefore the switched beam system is suitable where there is no interference 174.2.2 ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNASSwitched beam systems only give a limited performance improvement when compared to common antenna systems in wireless communication 3. great improved performance can be achieved by using superior signal processing technique to practice the information achieved by the antenna arrays. The adaptive array system is Opposite to switched beam systems, they are smarter because they are able to react to the changing RF environment. They have a huge amount of radiation patterns as compared to fixed finite patterns in switched beam systems to adjust in the changing radio frequency environment 9. An Adaptive array is just like a switched beam system which use number of antennas but they are controlled by signal processing 17. This signal processing moves the radiation beam towards a desired user as he changes his direction and ii limit the interfere nce happen from other users by launch nulls in their directions. This is shown in figure below 17.http//i.cmpnet.com/embedded/gifs/2005/0503/0503feat1fig2.jpg0 Figure 4.5 174.3 COMPARISONHere are the differences between switched bean array and adaptive beam array4.3.1 SWITCHED BEAM SYSTEMIt uses many preset directional beams with slim beam-widths.The necessary phase shifts be provide by normal preset phase shifting networks e.g. the butler matrix 11.They do not need difficult algorithms, easy algorithms are used for selection of beamIt need only reasonable relations between mobile and base station as compared to adaptive array system 15.Because low technology is used it has minor price and complication.Mixing is easy and cheap into existing cellular system.It give important increase in coverage and capacity compare normal antenna based systems 6.Since many slim beams are used, normal intra-cell hand-offs occur between beam when a mobile moves from one beam to another 15.It does not make a distinction between direct signal and interfering signal this leading to undesired improvement of the interfering signal more than the desired signal 6. Switched beam systems offers limited co-channel interference control as compared to the adaptive array system.4.3.2 ADAPTIVE ARRAY SYSTEMA whole adaptive system moves the beam towards desired signal and put nulls toward interfering signal directions 17.It is implemented on DSP technology 17.To steer the beam and the nulls complicated adaptive algorithm is required 6.Rejection capably of interference is much better then the switching beams system 15.It is difficult to impose on existing systems, i.e. up gradation is hard and costly.Since nonstop moving of the beam is required as the user moves, high contact between the mobile and base station is required 17.It provides improved coverage and improved capacity because of improved interference elimination as compare to the Switched beam.It can either decline multipath components or add them by correcting the delays to improve the signal quality6.4.4 ANTENNAS SMARTNESSSmart antenna systems using these adaptive systems are quite an smart in the true sense and that is why they are referred as smart antennas 17. The smartness of these systems is due to the intelligent processor using digital processing techniques which are integrated in these systems. These signal processing techniques use complex algorithms which are our main concern in our project 11.As modern instauration is using advanced technology in different fields, smart antenna also comes with such type of digital formation algorithms that operate the signals in undefiled and flexible manner. On the way to the smart antenna, the signal is received, converted and modulated for transmission into digital signal and at the other end it is reconverted in one-dimensional information 5.4.4.1 BASIC MECHANISMThere are a lot of function a smart antenna can perform on the bases of techniques used for desired scenario. Some of them major functions smart antenna can perform are listed belowFirst Smart antenna can locate the direction as well as the angle of arrival of all the incoming signals 16. Whether they are interfering in the signal of our interest or they are same signals arriving at the antenna from different directions after reflection from different surfaces. Their direction is estimated by the processing techniques used in smart antennas.Secondly The signal of our interest can separated from the cluster of all the incoming signals using smart antenna systems.Lastly a beam is moving in the direction of the treasured signal and the user is traced when he moves in the area and placing noting at interfering signal directions by continually updating the weights 17.It is pretty obvious that the direction of radiation beam of the main lobe in an array depends upon the phase difference between the elements of the array. Thus it is possible to constantly move the main beam in any dire ction by adjusting the phase difference between the elements. The same concept is used in adaptive array systems in which the phase is tuned to attain highest radiation in the most wanted direction.4.5 ADAPTIVE ALGORITHM CLASSIFICATIONSThe adaptive algorithms can be classify into category base on different approach given belowContinuous adaptation The algorithms based on this technique fine-tune the weights as the arriving data is sampled and continue updating it in such a way that it converges to an finest solution. This approach is suit able when the signal information is varying with time.Examples The Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm and the Recursive Least square (RLS) algorithm 17. shutdown adaptation The algorithms based on this technique calculate the weights depend on the approximation achieve from a temporary chunk of data 3. This method can be used in a non-stationary situation provided the weights are calculated from time to time.Example The Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) algorithm 17.Reference signal based algorithms These types of algorithms worked on the principal of minimization of the mean square error between the received signal and the original signal. Hence it is necessary that an original signal is available which has high relationship with the desired signal 17.Examples The Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm, The Recursive Least square (RLS) algorithm 17.Blind adaptive algorithms These algorithms do not want any original signal information. They are generating the necessary ordinal signal from the received signal to get the desired signal.Examples The Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA).CHAPTER 5ALGORITHMSIt is obvious that themselves antennas or not much intelligent to perform such.It is the importance of antenna system which is such clever in aspect of advanced signal processing algorithms. In order to use the smart antenna to its full smart techniques superior and computationally smart algorithms must be used.There are number of algorithms which are optimized and specialized for different smart antenna system and for different scenarios. For this purpose here are the few algorithms we have studied trough the day to get a brief idea about the smart antenna systems are given below.LMS (Least Mean Squares)RLS (Recursive Least Squares)CMA (Constant Modulus Algorithm)We will try to give a logical comparison on the performance of different Adaptive Algorithms for beam forming for our Smart Antenna. In this study we have exposed that these algorithms RLS and LMS are best for making beam forming like main lobe towards desired user but they have boundaries towards reject interference. In case of CMA has improved response towards beam forming and it gives improved results for interference rejection, but there is a problem the Bit Error Rate (BER) is greatest and high in case of single antenna element in CMA. It is confirmed that convergence rate of RLS is faster than LMS so RLS is proved the best choice for us. The effect of c hanging step size for LMS algorithm has also been studied.5.1 CMA (CONSTANT MODULUS ALGORITHM)CMA is based on those methods which are old but many of them are modified or completely changed techniques. This is popular algorithm and we are using this algorithm for blind adaptive array processing for beam pattern. But there is a problem with this algorithm it has low convergence rate because it is a type of instant gradient searching method depend on performance surface. Later some enhanced algorithms such as orthogonal constant modulus (OCMA) and least square constant modulus algorithm (LSCMA) are proposed 4.OCMA use the Newton algorithm and LSCMA is a type of block-update interactive algorithm. Both use estimation of revision of covariance matrix. This means high calculation complexity and convergence rate is improved. But they will not converge when covariance matrix is positive and singular. Faster convergence rate, constant convergence steps, lower computational complexity and be tter numerical stability will be achieved with instant gradient searching and conjugate gradient algorithm 2. endpointA constant modulus algorithm based on modified conjugate gradient for adaptive array processing. CMA algorithm has the similar performance as high convergence rate algorithm such as LSCMA there is an advantage that they do not need to perform matrix inversion and its performance is improved then other type of conjugate gradient algorithms5.2 LMS (Least Mean Squares) and RLS (Recursive Least Squares)An adaptive algorithm has a natural recursive formation even in the case of a limited impulse response modelization. As the error

The Human Papilloma Virus and Cervical Cancer in Ghana

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The Negative Impacts Of Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Negative Impacts Of Tourism Industry Tourism EssayNegative Impacts of Tourism Industry and the Importance of Sustainable TourismThe UN World Tourism face predicts that the amount of touring cars traveling internationally from 2007 to 2020 will double in that time period from about 800 million to 1.6 billion (S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 2008). Tourism is the result of leaving 1s accept place and entering into a refreshful place for the purpose of experiencing unknown purlieus and fantasy landscapes (capital of Michigan and De Vries 2006). Tourism is a contact z maven therefore countries must accommodate to each opposites differences in rear to cope with the increasing amount of tourists. When this adaption occurs, it seat pass water supply many a nonher(prenominal) disruptions on the soldiery hoidenish involving their horticulture, how their society functions, and their environment (P. Lansing and P.D. De Vries 2006). The increasing popularity of touristry clearly has positive receiptss such(prenominal) as existence a large supplier of Foreign Direct Investment, as strong as providing jobs for many population, but many say that it is just a continuation of old colonial patterns (Andereck and McGehee 2008). The harsh effects of tourism must be address and minimized in order for both the tourists and residents of the travel destination to reach its maximum benefit. I cogitate that this can be achieved through sustainable tourism, which is a type of tourism that covers to provide opportunity for employment in the topical anesthetic countries, but has minimal impact on the environment, culture and social lives of the army countries (Schloegel 2007). by an analysis of the invalidating effects of various cultural, social and environmental impacts of tourism on tertiary World countries, one can jaw that sustainable tourism reduces these effects and ultimately will help these countries thrive.With the increasing amount of international t ravelers, and increasing numbers of tourist destinations, the amount of people entering the country can often be a disturbance to the countrys culture and beliefs. This may occur because of the fact that the vast majority of tourists argon from First World countries, therefore it is tough for host Third World countries to maintain their unique cultures and traditions when there are un demoteed pressures to adapt to the various needs of the First World. This also is a mien to notice that tourism is another form of old colonial practices, because they are trying to transform another culture into their own.McRea argues that because many tourists travel to experience the lives and cultures of other people travellers develop preconceived perceptions of what they are expecting (2003). Moreover, Tooman argues that in order to satisfy these preconceived perceptions, the tourist destinations are required to satisfy these views of the tourists and make alterations in their culture to fit t he views of the tourists (1997). This is a change that residents of host countries undergo in order to keep up with the needs of tourists so they can continue to have sober service. Depending on the behavior countries react to these unavoidable changes, the constant pressures of changing can have negatively charged affects on individuals habits, routines, social lives, beliefs and values (Dogan, 1989).Tourism often results in the intrusion on the daily lives of locals, a loss of privacy, and overcrowding of the host country. This negatively impacts the social lives of the local people which then leads to negative feelings about tourism for the people of the host country (King, Milman and Pizam, 1993).The plentitude tourism diligence has created many job opportunities for people of the Third World as it has provided jobs in the travel, hotel, and service industry (King et. Al 1993). Although these jobs have lead to numerous opportunities, the residents of tourist locations must adapt to the rapid changes in their community. The construction of all services that are necessary for the tourism industry to succeed is a lot for the local people to adapt to because it is highly disruptive on the environment. The rapid development of constant new destinations negatively impacts the way societies interact with each other because they experience an overall change in habits, daily routines, social lives, beliefs, and values (Dogan 1989). Due to this, negative feelings towards tourism are create which has lead to an outgrowth in immoral behaviour of some individuals of the host country (Dogan 1989). Many residents feel that they have make up servants of the tourists, because they are only working(a) to satisfy the tourists desires. This may create social tension between tourists and people of the host destination. It changes the way they respond to one another (Vago 1998).Areas with high rates of tourism often experience an increase in population due to the many people that move in from out of town in order to benefit from the new job opportunities that the tourism industry has offered. Many communities, when undergoing a population increase, tend to experience a loss of identity and culture. It is difficult to maintain a rangeicular identity when there are so many people from different backgrounds and beliefs entering the community at a rapid rate. The gradual increase of people into a community results in a change of habits, daily routines, social lives, beliefs and values (Dogan, 1989). This changes the structure of societies in the host country and forces them to adapt to these constant changes. Adapting to these changes may have negative impacts on the lives of the residents of the host countries. For example, if an individual finds that their culture is being severely disrupted in a negative way, they may create perceptions of the tourists, which may lead into immoral behaviours. There has been an increase in crime rates, drug addict ion and social conflicts within Third World countries, which can believably be related to negative feelings of tourism (Dogan, 1989).The environment is a key component part in tourist destinations and will often be the deciding factor when choosing a vacation spot. This means the industry is constantly searching for new fantasy environments to build tourist attractions on. With the tourism being a large part of the 20th century, the demands for tourism locations are increasing. Tourists wish to experience new cultures when traveling, but without the development of new places, the popularity of tourism will decline because the desire to experience new fantasy landscapes will not be fulfilled (Lim and McAleer 2005). This desire has resulted in many countries developing new tourism destinations, which is increasingly placing more of a negative impact on the environment as it is damaging important resources and the natural beauty of many ecosystems such as mountains and beaches (Lim et. al 2005).Due to the construction of many tourist attractions, it is causing the destruction of many unique environmental locations in host countries. This process has a significant impact on the environment, as hale as the people living in that location. Constantly building tourist attractions causes air and noise pollution from an increase of vehicles and airplanes water pollution due to plant food leakage, road oil and human waste wildlife destruction caused by hunting and disruption of natural habitats, destruction of wetlands, plants and trees, which can lead to damaging the soil and beaches (Mowforth and Munt 1998). non only is the constant construction of new tourist locations damaging to the environment, but it is also has a large disruption on the lives of the local people. The countrys environment is being destroyed for the purpose of meeting the demands of the tourists therefore their environment is being interpreted away from them. In some countries, the local peop le lack clean water because the tourists are consuming so much of it and there is not enough left for some residents of the country (Mowforth and Munt 1998). In addition, it is common to see that once the tourist attraction has been developed, the local residents are not allowed access to it. This creates thoughts of resentment towards the tourists, because they are no longer allowed access to the natural environment that their country offers.In the twentieth century, the cruise ship industry has become increasingly popular. This type of tourism is he least beneficial form of tourism, as it produces about 77% of the worlds naval pollution (Dubinsky 2011 week 6). Cruise ships are so damaging to the environment, that they are only registered in a few countries that ignore the environmental laws. These countries may signify that the cruise ship industry is benefiting their economy, but 95% of the requirements are imported from outside the region that is being visited therefore only 5 % of the consumption of tourists is in reality from the tourist destination (Dubinsky 2011 week 6). It is shocking to see that the tourism industry is clearly aware of the harmful impact cruise ships have on the environment, until now continue to promote the cruise ship industry. As companies continue to advertise the cruise ship industry the number of passengers on cruise ships will continue to increase, which will only make the environment worse. We need to point on these issues and make people aware of these harmful impacts, and focus on the future of a sustainable tourism industry.In the generation of today, we are experiencing climate change worldwide. Seeing significant changes in climate is a result of our carelessness to the environment we live in. The tourism industry has clearly contributed to a significant amount of the harmful effects on the environment, but minimal action is being taken on the issue to reduce the signs of climate change.Sustainable development links cultures and their environment. It is crucial that we relate these to each other because if we focus on one and not the other, the mass tourism industry could potentially lead to further negative consequences. It is clear that appropriate action needs to take place in order to reduce the negative effects of tourism. It is unrealistic to diminish all of the affects, but it is it is possible to minimize them. Looking at the negative cultural, social and environmental consequences of the mass tourism industry, one should be motivated to reduce the negative effects of tourism, turn still maintaining the positive impacts. The tourism industry must also focus on the impact it will have in the future as well as making it more beneficial for both host countries as well as tourists. The most appropriate method of achieving this is through sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is a type of tourism that continues to provide the same opportunities for the local people of host countries, but has minimal impact on the environment and culture of the countries (Schloegel 2007). By practicing sustainable tourism, it will benefit the local peoples and communities as well as protect their resources upon which the tourism and recreation industry is built.If the amount of construction of new tourist sites is limited, it will reduce the amount of negative environmental impacts. For example, one could achieve this by limiting the number of new tourist destinations and only use established tourist sites. Other steps that can be taken in order to make tourism more sustainable is to make it mandatory for people to use biodegradable sunscreen because normal sunscreen is really harmful to the oceans. Another way to enforce sustainable tourism is to reduce the amount of chemicals used for eliminating insects, as they are also harmful to the environment.The Brundland Commission story is an composition that focuses on addressing the increasing concern of the rapid deterioration of th e environment and natural resources caused by constant construction in the Third World (Krotz 1996216). The organization argues that the only way of reducing the negative cultural, social and environmental impacts of mass tourism is through a developmental process that provides for the needs of the present while ensuring that options for the future are preserved (1996).By traveling to many Third World countries such as Mexico, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Costa Rica, I have become aware of the many negative cultural, social and environmental impacts of the mass tourism industry. In these destinations, I noticed that many people are dependent on the tourism industry to supply them with jobs. Although there are numerous job opportunities available, most workers are being paid minimum wage relying on tips to supplement their income and they work full days with only one day off per week. This clearly has an impact on the social lives of the local people because the majority of their l ives are spent at work and they do not have that much time for themselves and their family. Also by traveling to these countries and often staying at all-inclusive utilises, one of the most significant things I noticed was the amount of consumption of resources seen in the hotels. The amount of waste that is being produced is shocking due to the constant use of things such as plastic water bottles, which do not appear to be being recycled, and discarding of unconsumed food. Recently in Mexico I spoke with one of the workers of the resort I was staying at and he told me that the majority of Mexicans are vegetarians because they cannot afford the price of meat. Yet, at all of the resorts, there are vast quantities of meat. It is also shocking for me to see that many of the local people of host countries are not allowed access to many places that are natural to that country such as beaches. I believe that people should have access to the natural beauty that their country offers. I hav e also noticed that many travellers are not appreciative of the host countries unique cultures and traditions. Even though these actions are damaging to the countrys culture, they sacrifice their own needs to meet the tourists desires because the industry is necessary for their development. Visiting these countries has provided me insight into many of the negative impacts of tourism and has made me aware that a significant change is needed within the tourism industry.The mass tourism industry has brought many job opportunities for Third World counties, but as the industry continues to increase, we continue to negatively impact the culture, the way societies interact, and their environment. When there are so many tourists and people moving into the country to take advantage of the many job opportunities, many countries have difficulty holding onto their unique cultures and traditions when there are too many factors that invade and interrupt their culture. These constant interruptions cause the local people to adapt to the different cultures and values of the people touring and moving into the country. This also leads into a change in the way societies interact with one another. Through my own experience, it seems that many people are not aware of all of the negative impacts of the mass tourism industry. By increasing globose awareness of the topic and by implementing sustainable tourism practices, we can reduce the amount of negative impacts on the culture, social lives, and environment and ultimately help host tourist countries thrive.Word count 2471

A Hero Ain’t Nothin’ But a Sandwich :: Hero Ain’t Nothin’ But a Sandwich Essays

Webster has defined nostalgia as a wistful or excessively sentimental, sometimes irregular yearning for a return to or of some past period or irrecoverable condition. Nostalgia is a psychological time machine that transplants adults to the good over-the-hill days of another era. Once there, they will find that it is a state of mind, oblivious to actual or imagined barriers. For some it is a pleasant stroll finished yesterday, a simple, less turbulent past. Benjie Johnson is thirteen, Black, and well on his way to being hooked on heroine for good. Benjies wry humor and courage, his hard surface and photograph beneath make it impossible not to care about him. This book confronts a difficult subject and offers no easy solutions. The inner city students I presently teach can relate to much of what Benjie talks about. The Black English used is a variation but a continuation of teach boy vernacular which we saw in the previously mentioned novels. Now I am thirteen, but when I was a chili, it was hard to be a chilly because my block is a tough block and my school is a tough school. Im not trying to cop out on what I do or dont do cause man is man and chile is chile, but I aint a chile no more. Dont nobody want to be no chile cause, for some reason, it just hold you back in a lotta slipway unless you be a rich chile like in some movie picture or like on T.V.where everybody is livin it up and their room is perfect-lookin and their swimmin puddle and their block and their house and they also ridin round in one rollin Cads with a tape-deck playin cool music and with air condition goin.21 The block where Benjie lives is no peace-loving place. People are getting mugged and robbed regularly. After age three when the relatives hold your hand you are on your own in the poorly lighted hallways of the tenement. Walkin through blue, stinky hallways can be hard on anybody, man or chile, but a chile can get snatch in the dark and get his behind parts messed up by s ome weirdo Im talkie bout them sexuals. Soons you get up to leven, twelve and sothey might cool it cause they scared you know where to land a good up punch, dig?